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Eat Right: Knowing Your Blood Type
Human blood can typed based on the presence of several groups of red blood cell antigens, but the ABO system represents the major typing system. Human blood type can be type A, type B, type AB, or type O depending the antigen type that is present on the red blood cell plasma membrane. The antigens are membrane bound glycoprotein designated A and B. They are referred to as antigens because they are recognized as foreign by the immune system of another individual with different blood type. Based on the presence or absence of one or both of the antigens, four blood groups are possible.
These blood type are type A (antigen on the red cells), type B (B antigen on the red cells), type AB (both A and B antigens are present on the red cells) and type O (neither the A nor B antigen is present).
In human individuals, the plasma (fluid portion of whole blood) contains antibodies to the red blood cell antigen that the individual does not possess. For example, a person who has the B antigen on his/her red cell membrane has the anti-A antibody in his/her plasma. It is known what causes the production these antibodies, but the antibodies can be detected in infants as early as 3-6 months after birth.
In examining the above table, it is important to recognize that the presence or absence of the A or B antigen determines the blood type. Conversely, a person’s blood type denotes the antigen present on his/her red blood cells. It is also important to recognize that the antigens are found on the plasma membrane of red blood cells, whereas the antibodies are present in the plasma (fluid portion if whole blood). For example, the red blood cells of a person with type A blood have the A antigen. The plasma of this person contains the antibody against the B antigen (i.e. anti-B antibody).
Antibodies are immunoglobulin produced by B lymphocytes when the immune system is presented with foreign antigen. The mechanism of antibody production is beyond the scope of this discussion, but it is important to know that an antibody specifically binds to its antigen; similar to how an enzyme binds its substrate. If type A blood is mixed with type B blood, the anti-A antibodies present in the plasma of type B blood react with the A antigens of the red blood cells of type A blood. In addition, the anti-B antibodies present in the plasma of type A blood react with the B antigens of the red blood cells of the type B blood. In this situation, an agglutination reaction occurs, which leads to the production of insoluble complexes (aggregates of antibody-antigen complexes and red blood cells) that precipitate out of the solution and appear as clumps to the naked eyes. Thus, before performing blood transfusions, it is important that the antigens and antibodies present in both the donor and recipient are carefully considered. Blood Group Distribution Today
Overall, there such large populations of blood group O (40-45%) and A (35-40%) versus much lower rates of groups B (4-11%) and AB (0-2%). By looking at the distribution of blood groups today, we can see the threads of our evolutionary history. In the United States, O is the most prevalent blood group, A is second, followed by B, and finally AB. In Japan and China As, Os and Bs are fairly evenly split, and the AB percentage increases over that found in European populations. Evolution In Digestion and Immunity
The variations, strengths and weaknesses of each blood group can be seen as part of humanity’s continual process of acclimating to different environmental challenges. Most of these challenges have involved the digestive and immune systems. It is no surprise, then, that many of the distinctions between the blood groups involve basic functions of our digestive and immune systems.
The horrors of the Black Plague, which ran unchecked throughout Europe in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, are a perfect example. The Plague was a disease caused by bacterial infection and was almost certainly fatal to those who contracted it in the early years of its initial spread. By the fifteenth century, however, fatalities were rare, although many people continued to contract the infection. In just two generations, traits were developed in the survivors that protected them from fatal infections. Since these traits were necessary to survival, they were then passed on and retained as a form of genetic memory. The Black Plague is especially interesting from a perspective of the ABO blood groups, since Yersinia is a bacteria with a preference for individuals of specific ABO group, in this case, group O. Have you ever wondered why some people are able to lose weight on particular diet and others are not? Why some people are plagued by poor health or deterioration due to ageing, while others seem to live healthy and vital lives even late in life? Because, you are a biological individual! Stay tune for “Eat Right Part 2: Why Blood Type Matters”
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Contributor's Note
EXCERPTED FROM: "BLOOD GROUPS AND THE HISTORY OF PEOPLES" IN THE EAT RIGHT 4 YOUR TYPE ENCYCLOPEDIA
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